A road is constructed through a wet tropical forest, following which the population of a species of forest butterfly declines. Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for the road causing a decline in the forest butterfly population?
1
Road facilitates immigration of gap-loving species which compete with the forest species.
2
Road facilitates increased movement of individuals of the forest butterfly within the forest, which reduces genetic diversity.
3
Road internally fragments the habitat and negatively affects important micro-habitat conditions for the forest butterfly.
4
Road facilitates invasion by non-native plants that displace native host and nectar plants of the forest butterfly.