A researcher is conducting a study to determine the effect of teaching breathing exercises on respiratory complications in post-operative patients. Patients are divided into two groups:
- Group 1: Receives structured teaching on breathing exercises before surgery.
- Group 2: Does not receive any structured teaching on breathing exercises.
After the surgery, both groups are monitored for respiratory complications such as pneumonia, atelectasis, and oxygen saturation levels.
In upper example, which is the independent variable
1
Teaching on breathing exercise
2
Respiratory complications
3
Post operative period
4
Pre-operative period