The swing equation is given by
Where δ is electrical power angle; H is per unit inertia constant; Pm is per unit mechanical power; Pe is per unit electrical power and f0 is frequency.1
\({P_e} - {P_m} = \frac{{180{f_o}}}{H}\frac{{{d^2}\delta }}{{d{t^2}}}\)
2
\({P_m} - {P_e} = \frac{H}{{180{f_o}}}\frac{{{d^2}\delta }}{{d{t^2}}}\)
3
\({P_m} - {P_e} = \frac{{180{f_o}}}{H}\frac{{{d^2}\delta }}{{d{t^2}}}\)
4
\({P_e} - {P_m} = \frac{H}{{180{f_o}}}\frac{{{d^2}\delta }}{{d{t^2}}}\)