A solid bar of uniform square cross-section of side b and length L is rigidly fixed to the supports at the two ends. When the temperature in the rod is increased uniformly by ΔT the bar undergoes elastic buckling. Assume Young's modulus, E and coefficient of thermal expansion, α to be independent of temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion, α is given by

1
\(\alpha =\frac{3\pi^2b^2}{\Delta TL^2}\)
2
\(\alpha =\frac{2\pi^2b^2}{3\Delta TL^2}\)
3
\(\alpha =\frac{3\pi^2b^2}{2\Delta TL^2}\)
4
\(\alpha =\frac{\pi^2b^2}{3\Delta TL^2}\)

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