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Matter exists in various states, primarily categorized as solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Solids have a fixed shape and volume due to tightly packed particles that only vibrate in place. In liquids, particles are less tightly packed than in solids, allowing them to flow and take the shape of their container while maintaining a consistent volume. Gases have particles that are far apart and move freely, resulting in no fixed shape or volume; they expand to fill their container. Plasma, the fourth state, consists of highly energized, ionized particles found in places like the sun and neon lights. These states of matter can change from one to another through physical processes: melting, freezing, condensation, evaporation, sublimation, and deposition, driven by temperature and pressure changes. Understanding these states and their transitions is fundamental in fields ranging from chemistry to physics and engineering.