Which of one of the following are bottom-up listening activities and which of them are top-down listening activities?
a. Summarising, listening to whole message and applying the background knowledge.
b. Dictation, cloze listening, use of multiple choice questions, discussions.
1
Both a and b are bottom-up listening activities
2
Both a and b are top-down listening activities
3
a is top-down activity and b is bottom-up activity.
4
b is top-down activity and a is bottom-up activity.