Subaltern studies scholar Ranajit Guha emphasized the idea of the 'dominance without hegemony' in characterizing the nature of colonial rule in India. Which of the following statements best captures Guha's argument?
1
British rule in India did not have the consent or participation of the Indian masses and rested entirely on coercive domination.
2
The British could not establish complete hegemony over the Indian masses who actively resisted colonial policies.
3
The British co-opted the Indian elite classes into subordinate partnerships to exercise control consensually.
4
Domination lacked hegemony because the British introducing modernizing education and institutions.