Below are given the characteristic features of formative and summative assessment procedures used in various teaching-learning contexts.

a) It is used for judging learning standard.

b) It is used for improvement of capacity and quality.

c) Its use is extended to performance appraisal of teachers, students and institutions.

d) It is used during instruction.

e) Assessment is formal and post instructional in nature.

f) It is based on participation of both teacher and student.

Which of the given codes relate to formative procedures?