Directions: Read the given passage carefully to answer the following questions. Each question will have five alternatives as its answer. Choose the correct option as your answer.

In the modern world, urbanization has become a defining feature of human society. As of today, more than half of the global population resides in urban areas, and this trend is expected to continue in the coming decades. Urbanization presents both opportunities and challenges, shaping the economic, social, and environmental landscapes of cities around the world. One of the primary drivers of urbanization is the search for better economic opportunities. Cities offer a concentration of jobs, services, and amenities that are often unavailable in rural areas. This migration to urban centres can lead to economic growth and development, as well-established infrastructure and diverse markets attract businesses and investments. Moreover, cities tend to foster innovation and cultural exchange, creating dynamic environments where ideas and creativity flourish. However, the rapid pace of urbanization also poses significant challenges. One of the most pressing issues is the strain on infrastructure and services. Many cities, particularly in developing countries, struggle to accommodate the influx of new residents. This can result in overcrowded housing, inadequate public transportation, and insufficient access to basic services such as healthcare and education. Informal settlements, commonly known as slums, often emerge as a consequence, where living conditions can be dire and unsanitary. Environmental degradation is another critical issue associated with urbanization. The concentration of population and industry in cities leads to _____________. Air and water quality are often compromised, impacting the health and well-being of urban residents. Furthermore, the expansion of urban areas frequently encroaches on natural habitats, contributing to biodiversity loss and altering ecosystems. Despite these challenges, urbanization can be managed in ways that promote sustainable and equitable development. One approach is through the implementation of smart city technologies. These technologies leverage data and connectivity to improve the efficiency of urban services, from traffic management to energy distribution. For instance, smart grids can optimize electricity usage, while intelligent transportation systems can reduce congestion and emissions. Moreover, inclusive urban planning is crucial for creating cities that cater to the needs of all residents. This includes developing affordable housing, enhancing public transportation networks, and ensuring that essential services are accessible to everyone, regardless of socioeconomic status. Green spaces and recreational areas should also be integrated into city planning to enhance the quality of life and promote environmental sustainability. Community engagement and participation are essential components of successful urban development. By involving residents in the planning and decision-making processes, cities can better address the unique needs and aspirations of their communities. This fosters a sense of ownership and collaboration, leading to more resilient and vibrant urban environments. In conclusion, while urbanization presents significant challenges, it also offers opportunities for growth and innovation. Through thoughtful planning, technological innovation, and community involvement, cities can navigate the complexities of urbanization and create sustainable, inclusive, and thriving urban spaces for future generations.