The political landscape in India underwent substantial changes from 1989 to the 2000s, with the decline of Congress and the rise of coalition politics. The BJP's electoral success surged after the party’s ideological shift towards Hindutva and its involvement in key political issues such as the Ayodhya dispute. The party’s position strengthened further with the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition, which created deep divisions within Indian society and politics.

The 1990s marked a period of intense competition between the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA). After the 2004 elections, the Congress regained power, forming the UPA government with support from the Left Front, while the BJP, despite its ideological consistency, continued to lose ground. However, by 2014, the political dynamics shifted dramatically, with the BJP securing a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, under the leadership of Narendra Modi. This marked a watershed moment in Indian politics, signifying a return to single-party majority governance after decades of coalition politics.

The political shift was not only characterized by the rise of the BJP but also by an emerging consensus on issues like economic reforms, social justice, and the political claims of backward castes. Despite ideological differences, parties recognized the importance of power-sharing and pragmatic politics, leading to a more competitive yet cooperative political environment.