Directions : Read the following passages carefully to answer the questions based on the contents of the respective passages and the opinion of the author only.

All men by nature, desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses : for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others, the sense of sight. For not only with a view to action, but even when we are not going to do anything, we prefer seeing (one might say to everything else. The reason is that this, most of all the senses, makes us know and brings to light many differences between things. By nature, animals are born with the faculty of sensation, and from sensation, memory is produced in some of them, though not in others. And therefore, the former are more intelligent and apt at learning than those which cannot remember’ those which are incapable of hearing sounds are intelligent thought they cannot be taught, e.g., the bee, and any other race thought they cannot be taught, e.g., the bee, and any other race thought they cannot be taught e.g., the bee, and any other race of animals that may be like it; and those which besides memories, and have but little of connected experience; but the human race lives also by art and reasoning. Now from memory, experience is produced finally the capacity for a single experience. And experience seems pretty much like science and art, but really, science and art come to men through experience; for ‘experience made art’, as Polus says, ‘but inexperience luck.’ Now art arises, when from many notions gained by experience, one universal judgment about a class of objects is produced, in the case of Secretes and in many individual cases, is a matter of experience; but to judge that it has done good to all persons of a certain constitution, market off in one class, when they were ill of this disease, e.g., to phlegmatic or bilious people when burning with fevers – this is a matter of art. With a view to action, experience seems even better than those who have theory without experience. (The reason is that experience is knowledge of individuals, art of universals, and actions and productions are all concerned with the individual; for the physician does not cure man, except in an incidental way, but Callias or Secretes or some other called by some such individual name, who happens to be a man. If, then, a man has the theory without the experience, and recognizes the universal but does not know that individual that is to be cured.) But yet we think that knowledge and understanding belong to art rather than to experience, and we suppose artists to be wiser than men of experience (which implies that wisdom depends in all cases rather on knowledge); and this because the former know the cause, but the latter do not. For men of experience know that the thing is so, but do not know why, while the others know the ‘why’ and the case. Hence we think also that the masterworks in each craft are more honorable and know in a truer sense and are wiser than the manual workers, because they know the causes of the things that are done (we think the manual workers are like certain lifeless things perform each of their functions by a natural tendency, the labourers perform them through habit); thus we view them as being wiser not in virtue of being able to act, but of having the theory for themselves and knowing the causes. And in general, it is a sign of the man who knows and of the man who does not know, that the former can teach, and therefore, we think are more truly knowledge than experience is, for artists can teach, and men of more experience cannot.

       Again, we do not regard any of the senses as Wisdom; yet surely these give the most authoritative knowledge of particulars. But they do not tell us the ‘why’ of anything---e.g., why fire is hot; they only say that it is hot. At first, he who invented any art whatsoever that went beyond the common perceptions of man was naturally admired by men, not only because there was something useful in the inventions, but because he was thought wiser and superior to the rest. But as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to recreation, the inventors of the latter were naturally always regarded as wiser than the inventors of the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility.

       Hence, when all such inventions were already established, the sciences which do not aim at giving pleasure or at the necessities of life were discovered and first in the places where men first  began to have leisure. This is why the mathematical arts were founded in Egypt; for there the priestly caste was allowed to be at leisure. We have said in the Ethics what the difference is between art and science and the other kindred faculties, but the point of our present discussion is this, that all men suppose what is called Wisdom do deal with the first causes and the principles of things; so that, as has been said before, the man of experience is thought to be wiser than the possessors of any sense – perception whatsoever, the artist wiser than the men of experience. The master – worker than the mechanic, and the theoretical kinds of knowledge to be more of the nature of Wisdom than the productive. Clearly then, wisdom is knowledge about certain principles and causes.