Find out the most effective word from the given options to fill in the blanks of the following question.

1. The French government now asked to be allowed to march into Spain, as Austria had marched into Naples, as the _______ of the powers, for the purpose of putting a stop to a state of things perilous alike to herself and to all Europe.

2. In 1907 there were about 960,000 volumes in public township libraries for which a law of 1887 had made provision, since 1895 the formation of such libraries has been _______, and books, chosen by the county superintendent, are bought from a fund for every person of school age in towns, villages and cities of the fourth class.