In the given questions, a statement with one blank followed by three alternatives is given. Out of the given three alternatives, one or more than one can fill the given blank. Choose the set of words from the given options which can be used to fill the blank. 

A rebound in Chinese shares and a rally in Italian bonds ________________, as a renewed burst of dollar strength and South Africa's slump into recession, ramped up pressure on emerging markets again.

1. failed to keep Europe's spirits up

2. had both raised to new profits overnight

3. showed mounting stress on factories across Europe.