DIRECTIONS : Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.

To make learning very effective it is not only necessary to utilize the factors and techniques that facilitate learning, the teacher are to create certain conditions in the class - room that may improve learning. These conditions are providing teaching aids, creating rivalry and co - operation, giving the knowledge of progress and success, praising or reprimanding and guiding learning. Visual aids make learning concrete and meaningful. You may describe the physical features of the Indo - Gangetic plain, but motion pictures, filmstrips, maps, charts, diagrams; pictures would make your verbal description concrete. An additional meaning is attached to verbal instruction when teaching aids are used. These are simply supplementary devices and not the sup planters of what the teacher can do. There is a belief that some students are eye - minded, some auditory - minded and some verbal-minded. Those who are verbal - minded can be easily taught through verbal instructions but for the rest visual aids are necessary. Whether the above belief is sound or not, whether pupils can be so sharply differentiated or not is not the question. The fact is that the more organs are used in learning, the more effective the learning sensory becomes. The abstract notions become easy to understand when they are presented through motion pictures or T.V. or such other teaching aids. Instructional aides provide substitutes to objects and situations that cannot be presented in the class - room. The science exhibition that is held at a far - off place cannot be brought into the science room but through a T.V. programme the whole of it can be viewed in a short period.