Directions: Read the passage and answer the questions:

The phenomenon of expansionist states has profoundly shaped the course of human history. This dynamic concept, rooted in the annals of time, refers to the tendency of nations to extend their dominion over other territories, either by force, coercion, or negotiation, to establish political and economic control. The allure of powerful empires like Rome and Mongolia is steeped in their expansionist ambitions. Rome, from its origins as a small city state on the Italian peninsula, nobly grew into a colossal empire that spanned diverse territories across Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. This boom was driven by a calculated blend of military tactics, strategic alliances, and a strong centralized government that skillfully harnessed the resources from conquered territories. Nonetheless, the Mongols present a more aggressive tale, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, they established one of the largest land empires ever seen. They utilized their superior horseback riding skills and exceptional military strategy to rapidly conquer vast swathes of Eurasia. Their rule often came with widespread devastation and a culture of fear, in stark contrast to the more administratively focused Roman approach.

Transitioning into modern times, the imperialist agendas of Europe's powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries depict a different style of expansionism. The British, Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonial empires are significant illustrations, driven largely by the industrial revolution's demand for raw materials and new markets. The notable Scramble for Africa, the race among European powers to partition the continent, reflects this era's stark ________. However, expansionist intent is not fixed to an era or particular type of state governance. In the post-World War II era, the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, pushed for their corresponding ideologies of capitalism and communism, spawning a new form of expansionism. This ideological expansionism was primarily carried out by extending influence through political, economic, and occasionally military means, marking the Cold War period. Understanding expansionist states, marked by their audacious vertical and horizontal growth, offers broad insight into how power manoeuvring impacts culture, economics, and global geopolitics. Despite the narratives of aggressive territorial gains often being passed over for softer, more diplomatic histories, it is essential to recognise that these expansions have significantly influenced the world we know today. Whether through economic means, cultural diffusion, or territorial mastery, their legacy resonates to this day.