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Genetic engineering refers to the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. Before the 20th century, the term embraced both artificial selection and all the interventions of biomedical techniques, among them artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (e.g., “test-tube” babies), cloning, and gene manipulation. However, in the latter part of the 20th century the term refer more specifically to methods of recombinant DNA technology.