Directions: Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options:

On average, young men in urban India worked the longest hours — 8.5 hours daily, followed by just over 7 hours among young men in rural India. Employed young women in urban areas worked for 6.5 hours, while in the rural areas, time spent in paid work was around 4 hours and 45 minutes on average. The pattern is suggestive of a larger proportion of employed women in part-time employment, especially in rural areas. While young women in paid work spent less time working for monetary returns compared to men, they spent much more time in domestic work. Employed young women in paid work in rural India spent about 4 hours and 50 minutes on household chores while their counterparts in urban areas spent around 2 hours and 45 minutes on domestic work. In contrast, employed young men spent only 40 and 30 minutes in rural and urban areas, respectively, carrying out domestic work.

Further analysis of daily time use carried out by taking into consideration the marital status of young adults reveals how marriage shifts the burden of domestic work and childcare onto women. An unmarried employed young woman spent around 1.5 hours on these activities while her married counterpart spent around five and half hours. In contrast, an unmarried employed man spent around 25 minutes in domestic work while a married man in paid work spent around 47 minutes. In short, the marriage did not seem to make much of a difference to men’s daily time use pattern, but it does for women, and the change is significant.

As far as time spent in leisure activities is concerned, on average, all young employed adults spent around 1 hour and 45 minutes on them except employed rural young women who spent around 1 hour and 20 minutes, reflecting perhaps more time taken for housework. A married young woman in paid work enjoyed the least time in leisure activities compared to all other groups. Among the various types of leisure activities, the majority of time was spent on mass media – around 1 hour and 10 minutes per day _____ young employed adults in urban areas. In rural areas, young employed men spent around an hour on mass media activities while women spent around 50 minutes.

While around 20 to 34 minutes every day on average were spent resting and reflecting by young adults in paid work, their participation in sports and cultural activities was negligible, even among men. Fifteen per cent of young men in education and 16 per cent of young men who are unemployed reported participating in sports activities. For the rest of young adults, less than 1 in 10 spent time in sports/exercises, and the ratio has a huge gender divide, especially in rural areas. Clearly, the re-balancing of leisure activities towards some physical activity would result in a healthier lifestyle for young adults. Finally, and not surprisingly, the single largest group of activity is hours spent on sleeping and self-care, which take about 11 to 12 hours. The least amount of time was spent by young women in urban areas — on average, 11 hours on self-care and sleep, while young men in rural areas spent the maximum time, nearly 11 hours and 50 minutes in the same activity. The above pattern of how young Indian adults in paid work spent their time provides us with a glimpse of rural-urban and gender-wise differences in India.