Directions: In this section, you have short passages. In this passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read a passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and the opinion of the author only.

Consciousness remains one of the most bewildering aspects of human existence. Despite centuries of philosophical inquiry and recent advances in neuroscience, the essence of consciousness—what it is, how it arises, and why it exists—remains largely enigmatic. Many philosophers argue that consciousness is a fundamental aspect of the universe, much like space and time. Others see it as an emergent property of complex informational processing. In the discourse, four major theories stand out: Dualism, which posits a distinct separation between the mind and body; Physicalism, the belief that consciousness can be fully explained by physical processes in the brain; Panpsychism, the view that consciousness is a universal feature of all things; and Idealism, which argues that reality is fundamentally mental or consciousness-based.