The instantaneous velocity in case of turbulent flow can be expressed as sum of average velocity and fluctuating component of velocity. The magnitude of fluctuating component is usually a few percent of average value yet momentum and energy transfer are higher in turbulent flow. Which of the following is the most suitable reason for the above statement?
1
Higher surface roughness of pipe
2
Higher frequencies of eddies
3
higher velocity of flow
4
Higher wall shear stress