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Ancient Egypt as a general historical term broadly refers to the civilization of the Nile Valley between the first Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 B.C.E. until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.E. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire. It was one of the oldest and the longest human civilizations. Egypt has been a great source of inspiration and interest for Europeans especially, those who regarded it as of almost mysterious significance. Egypt served as a conduit between Europe and Africa. Egyptian civilization had a bias towards unity rather than towards confrontation. Ancient Egyptian contributions to knowledge in the areas of mathematics, medicine, and astronomy continue to inform modern thought.

Egyptian hieroglyphs underlay our alphabet. Through the Alexandria Library and such scholars as the mathematician Claudius Ptolemaeus and the Hellenistic Jewish scholar Philo, this reputation continued. Through the Ptolemies, Hellenistic and Egyptian ideas came together, and Egyptian religion, especially the cult of ISIS, became popular throughout the Greco-Roman world. The Roman Emperors, after Cleopatra the last Ptolemy, Claimed the ancient title and honor of the Pharaohs. Many Christians see the deep significance that Jesus, according to tradition, spent time in Egypt. Indeed, early Christianity in Egypt saw much theological thought and several alternatives to what emerged as mainstream Christianity emerged, some stressing the feminine role while the Nag Hammadi collection of formerly lost texts, including the Gospel of Thomas, has significantly supplemented modern Bible scholarship. The Coptic Church of Egypt is one of the world's churches.