In the context of solar physics, which of the following statements best describes the term "coronal heating problem"?

1
The observation that the Sun's corona is cooler than the photosphere , which contradicts the expected temperature gradient.
2
The observation that the Sun's photosphere is much cooler than the corona.
3
A phenomenon where the Sun's corona emits less energy than the photosphere despite being hotter.
4
The idea that the corona is heated by magnetic fields but the exact mechanism remains unknown.

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