Paul R. Brass, an American political scientist and scholar of South Asian, especially Indian politics, has made extensive observations about India's ethnopolitics. Which of the following statements best aligns with Brass's thesis?
1
All instances of communal violence in India are spontaneous and unpredictable.
2
Communal violence in India is a strictly urban phenomenon.
3
Ethnicities and communal identities in India have no impact on political mobilization.
4
Communal conflicts in India are often politically orchestrated and institutionalized.