Consider the behavior of the Helmholtz energy (A) in a system where changes occur at constant temperature (T) and volume (V). As per the Clausius inequality and the deduction from Equation 22.1.1: dA=dU−TdS≤0. Under these given conditions, what can we deduce about the spontaneity of processes based on the behavior of Helmholtz energy?
1
Processes are spontaneous if Helmholtz energy increases.
2
Processes are spontaneous if Helmholtz energy decreases.
3
Processes are spontaneous if Helmholtz energy remains constant.
4
Spontaneity of processes cannot be determined by Helmholtz energy.