Match the following historiographical theories with their key proponents:
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. Challenge and Response Theory | a) Karl Marx |
| 2. Cyclical Theory of History | b) Leopold von Ranke |
| 3. Scientific Materialism | c) Oswald Spengler |
| 4. Scientific History and Objectivity | d) Arnold Toynbee |
1
1-a, 2-d, 3-c, 4-b
2
1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
3
1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
4
1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d