Comprehension Passage
The Heartland Theory, developed by British geographer Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century, views the vast and resource-rich central Eurasian plains, known as the "Heartland," as the key to global dominion. Mackinder argued that whoever controls this strategically located region, with its abundant resources and potential for manpower, could ultimately dominate the Eurasian continent and project power outwards. He saw control of the Heartland as a springboard for world power. The Rimland Theory, put forward by American political scientist Nicholas Spykman in the aftermath of World War II, offered a counterpoint. Spykman focused on the importance of the "Rimland," the horseshoe-shaped belt of coastal regions encircling the Eurasian heartland. These regions, with their access to seaports and vital resources, served as critical buffers against any Heartland power seeking expansion. Spykman argued that controlling the Rimland would effectively "rim in" and contain any Heartland ambitions, preventing global domination.
which factor has arguably diminished the strategic importance of the "Heartland" in recent times?
1
Increased global trade and economic interdependence
2
Development of long-range missiles and nuclear weapons
3
Growing importance of access to natural resources
4
Rise of regional powers with independent ambitions