Starting with the foundation of the Johns Hopkins University in 1875, the concept of university as a community of scholars had taken root in the New World. The time had now arrived for setting paradigms for scholarly performance in each discipline by its own professionals. The pioneering work in the introduction of the new geography, then making news in Germany and France, was performed by William Morris Davis who had taken appointment as an instructor in physical geography in the department of geology at Harvard in 1878. The first separate university department in geography to be established in the United States was at the University of Chicago in 1903 under the charge of the geologist Rollin D. Salisbury. Geography had, however, already been present in American schools and colleges for quite some time. Arnold Guyot (1807-1884), a Swiss scholar and former student of Ritter, had arrived in the country in 1848 on invitation from the Harvard University to deliver a series of lectures outlining the nature of "new" geography. His lectures had been brought out in book form under the title Earth and Man: Lectures on Comparative Physical Geography in its Relation to the History of Mankind, the following year and had remained the standard reference on Ritter's ideas for a long time. Another early pioneer in this regard was George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882) whose book entitled Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action had been published way back in 1864. Through this book, Marsh had introduced the American public to the ideas of Humboldt, Ritter, and Mary Somerville focusing on interconnections between man and his natural surroundings.