In the lesser-known work of Stuart Hall, "Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse," he proposes a theory of communication in media studies. Which of the following best describes Hall's theory?
1
Media messages can be manipulated by audiences to generate their definitions and conclusions.
2
Media always reflects the values and ethics of the dominant class without distortion.
3
Media messages are passively consumed, and audiences do not engage with the content.
4
Television has no influence over audiences and is only a source of entertainment.