Epistemic violence, a concept introduced by Gayatri Chakravarti Spivak, focuses on the harm caused by certain forms of representation. What does epistemic violence refer to?
1
The physical harm inflicted on marginalized individuals due to their identities.
2
The exclusion of marginalized voices and perspectives in academic and intellectual discourse.
3
The intentional distortion of historical facts and events by dominant powers.
4
The use of language as a tool of oppression and control.