Peter Drucker's management by objectives (MBO) framework emphasizes managing organizational performance towards clearly defined goals. Which of the following practices does Drucker recommend as key to effective MBO?
1
Setting a few broad, overarching goals that provide flexibility in interpretation
2
Avoiding strict timelines and letting goals be achieved whenever is convenient
3
Having top management define goals for all departments in a centralized fashion
4
Collaboratively setting specific, measurable, time-bound goals aligned with organizational strategy