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The Swaraj Party was a prominent political group in India during the early 20th century. It emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress (INC), led by influential leaders C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru. The Swarajists advocated for a more radical and militant approach to achieve self-rule for India, which they termed "Swaraj" or self-governance. Their first session was held at the residence of Motilal Nehru in Allahabad.

The Swaraj Party's formation was a response to the frustration among certain members of the INC with the perceived conservative and compromising stance of the main party leadership. C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru believed that the INC should adopt more confrontational tactics in dealing with the British colonial authorities to speed up the process of self-rule. They aimed to utilize their positions within provincial legislatures to challenge British rule, demand greater autonomy, and work towards achieving Swaraj.

The Swaraj Party contested elections and won seats in various provincial legislatures, using their positions to advocate for civil disobedience, boycotts, and non-cooperation with the British government. However, their approach was met with mixed success, as the British authorities responded with repressive measures, and the Swaraj Party faced internal divisions over tactics and strategy. Another noteworthy achievement was the defeat of the Public Safety Bill which was aimed at empowering the Government to deport undesirable and subversive foreigners because the Government was alarmed by the spread of socialist and communist ideas and believed that a crucial role was being played by the British and other foreign activists being sent by the Comintern.

The Swaraj Party's influence waned in the late 1920s, and by the early 1930s, it had largely merged back into the Indian National Congress. While it didn't achieve its ultimate goal of immediate self-rule, the Swaraj Party played a significant role in shaping the trajectory of India's struggle for independence and influenced the strategies adopted by future leaders, most notably Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.