In the field of Conflict and Peace Studies in International Relations, which of the following connects the concepts of state sovereignty, human and environmental security, and peaceful conflict resolution?
1
The theory of international integration, which seeks to understand how and why states relinquish their sovereignty to supranational institutions.
2
The principle of ethical realism, arguing that states, while fundamentally self-interested, should uphold global moral obligations, including conflict resolution, security, and environmental protection.
3
The realist image of the state, prioritizing state survival and sovereignty above all, largely discounting the potential importance of human and environmental security, and viewing conflict as a natural and unavoidable part of internations.al relation
4
The liberal theory of international relations, emphasizing state-to-state diplomacy, international institutions, and the spread of democratic governance.