Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in her scholarship on subaltern social groups problematizes civil society movements’ claims of representing the oppressed by arguing that:

1. Historically sedimented epistemic violence embedded in dominant discourses prevents recovery of authentic subaltern consciousness.
2. Strategic essentialism in identity politics contradicts the heterogeneity within any marginalized social category.
3. Peaceful civil resistance requires preparatory building of collective socio-cultural capital and leadership.

Select the accurate observations made by Spivak from the codes below: