Comprehension Passage

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

The right to live with dignity has been recognized as a human right on the international front and by the number of precedents of this Court and therefore, the Constitutional courts must strive to protect the dignity of every individual, for, without the right to dignity, every other right would be rendered meaningless. Dignity is an inseparable facet of every individual that invites reciprocative respect from others to every aspect of an individual which he / she perceives as an essential attribute of his / her individuality, be it an orientation or an optional expression of choice. The Constitution has ladened the judiciary with the very important duty to protect and ensure the right of every individual including the right to express and choose without any impediments so as to enable an individual to fully realize his/her fundamental right to live with dignity.

Sexual orientation is one of the many biological phenomena which is natural and inherent in an individual and is controlled by neurological and biological factors. The science of sexuality has theorized that an individual exerts little or no control over who he / she gets attracted to. Any discrimination on the basis of one's sexual orientation would entail a violation of the fundamental right of freedom of expression.

The above paragraph reflects the judgement in case of.

1
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of Indian
2
Machi Singh v. State of Punjab
3
Sate of UP v. Ram Swaroop
4
Chairman Railway Board v. Chandrima Das

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