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Philosophy of science consists of epistemological problems as well as other kinds of philosophical problems related to science. Epistemology is an important philosophical subdiscipline concerned with the nature, sources and limits of knowledge. A crude classification of basic epistemologies is: Rationalism stresses the role of a priori theorising. Empiricism stresses observation. Historicism stresses the role of background knowledge. Pragmatism stresses the role of analysing values and goals.

Pragmatic view is probably the most relevant to information science. This sees living and acting in the world as constituting the a priori of human knowledge. Value‐knowledge, factual knowledge and procedural knowledge are three types of knowledge. Having value‐knowledge means knowing what fulfils the criteria of good values. Having factual knowledge means having true beliefs about the three worlds in which one is living. Having procedural knowledge means knowing how to carry out a specific act or act sequence. Knowledge can be unarticulated or articulated. Unarticulated knowledge is, for instance, tacit knowledge, familiarity, knowledge by acquaintance. The pragmatic view of knowledge is of special importance to Library and Information Science because it is connected to the societal role of LIS institutions, whether they are scientific or commercial, or public libraries serving democracy and enlightenment.