Read the given passage and answer the following questions:

Modernization of role structures involves changes not only in norms and behaviour but also in the psychic-dynamic properties, bringing about major changes in the motivational and value orientation patterns of individuals. Motivationally, modernized role structures represent a higher level of psychic mobility and achievement orientation; the latter stimulates the aspiration levels generally in a modern society. Thus, modernization also implies a revolution in aspiration levels. Aspiration may broadly be defined as the strength of an individual's motivation to achieve progressively higher (or conversely, lower) goals based on the experiences of success and failure, his own and of others who constitute his reference models. Aspiration level may be "higher" or "lower" in a temporal sense (between two points of time) for the same individual, or it may be "higher" or "lower" in comparison to that of some other individuals. In the former case, aspirations operates as a psychological category, but in the latter situation it has both psychological as well as socio-cultural foundation.