The evolution of land ownership patterns during the early medieval period in India led to significant changes in the socio-economic structure. Which of the following statements best capture these transformations?

1. The practice of granting land to religious institutions and Brahmins led to the formation of semi-autonomous estates, reducing the central authority's control over revenue.
2. The proliferation of feudatory chiefs (Samantas) as landholders resulted in the fragmentation of political power and the rise of regional polities.
3. Land grants were primarily aimed at encouraging agricultural expansion and the settlement of new territories, often at the expense of tribal and forest communities.
4. The rise of a landed aristocracy contributed to the emergence of a new socio-political hierarchy, where loyalty to the central ruler was replaced by allegiance to local lords.