Which of the following combinations of figures, orders, texts, and associated beliefs accurately reflects the diversity and distinctive characteristics of the Bhakti and Sufi traditions in India?
- Khwaja Bahauddin Naqshband – Naqshbandi Order – Maktubat – Emphasized strict adherence to Sharia, opposing syncretic practices.
- Nammalvar – Vaishnava Bhakti – Nalayira Divya Prabandham – Expressed deep devotion to Vishnu, often using feminine voice to signify the soul’s longing for God.
- Shaikh Shahabuddin Suhrawardi – Chishti Order – Awarif al-Ma’arif – Focused on communal service through langar and rejected royal patronage.
- Miyan Mir – Qadiri Order – Futuh al-Ghaib – Close association with Mughal royalty and promoter of interfaith unity.
Options:
1
1 and 2 only
2
1, 2, and 4 only
3
2, 3, and 4 only
4
1, 3, and 4 only