Directions: Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options:
Artemis 1, officially Artemis I, is an ongoing uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission, the first spaceflight in NASA's Artemis program, and the first flight of the agency's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the complete Orion spacecraft. Artemis 1 was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center on 16 November 2022 at 1:47:44 am EST (6:47:44 UTC). Artemis 1 was launched on the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The Block 1 vehicle consists of a core stage, two five-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and an upper stage. The core stage uses four RS-25D engines, all of which have previously flown on Space Shuttle missions. The core and boosters together produce 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lbf) of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), is based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage and is powered by a single RL10B-2 engine on the Artemis 1 mission. Once in orbit, the ICPS will fire its engine to perform a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, which will place the Orion spacecraft and ten CubeSats on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion will then separate from the ICPS and coast to lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter will deploy ten CubeSats that will conduct scientific research and perform technology demonstrations. The Orion spacecraft will spend approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) around the Moon.
Artemis 1 was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012 when it was set to launch in 2017 as the first planned flight of the Space Launch System and the second uncrewed test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. In initial plans for EM-1, Orion was to perform a circumlunar trajectory during a seven-day mission. Around September 2011, SLS's first launch was delayed from before the end of 2016 to sometime in 2017, the first of at least fifteen more delays. In March 2019, then-NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule. The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon. The idea was eventually scrapped. One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion will not carry a docking mechanism until Artemis 3. The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.
The core stage for Artemis 1, built at Michoud Assembly Facility by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019 and was declared finished one month later. The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at Stennis Space Center, consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity. The first test was performed in January 2020, and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On 16 January 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engine shut down after running for one minute, with no sign of damage to the engine. This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below the limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in the launch, the rocket would still fly normally. The last test was performed again successfully on 18 March 2021. The core subsequently departed the Stennis Space Center on 24 April 2021, en route to the Kennedy Space Center.
On 17 March 2022, Artemis 1 rolled out of High Bay 3 from the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time in order to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on 3 April, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem. A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on 4 April, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position. During preparations for a third attempt, a helium check valve on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fueling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB. During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on 20 June, the rocket was successfully fully loaded with propellant on both stages, but due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T-9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T-29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete. On 2 July, the Artemis 1 stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect, ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: 29 August and 5 September. The SLS passed flight readiness review on 23 August, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.
The Artemis 1 mission patch was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft, and Exploration Ground Systems teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the center, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis 1 will launch. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis 1. The Artemis 1 flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program, though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022. To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public _______. The names submitted are written into a hard drive inside the Orion spacecraft. Also aboard the capsule is a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.